Marit Olsdatter Lien

1854 - 1938  (84 år)

Johan August Selmer

1850 - 1930  (79 år)

Kallenavn	John August Selmer
Fødsel	11 Aug 1850	Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Død	21 Feb 1930	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Gravlagt	24 Feb 1930	Hitterdahl Cemetery, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Peder Andreas Selmer,   f. 14 Okt 1814, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Anne Helene Esping,   f. 12 Aug 1827, Oslo, Norway
Gift	7 Jun 1846	Fåberg Kirke, Gausdalsvegen 316, Fåberg, Lillehammer Kommune, Oppland, Norway
Familie	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Barn	+ 1. Emma Helene Selmer,   f. 22 Sep 1880, Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States   2. John Oscar Selmer,   f. 25 Nov 1881, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   3. Ella Josephine Selmer,   f. 17 Feb 1884, Wisconsin, United States   4. Palma Olette Selmer,   f. 3 Mar 1886, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States + 5. James Le Roy Selmer,   f. 7 Mai 1888, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States + 6. Mabel Amanda Selmer,   f. 30 Sep 1890, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States + 7. Bessie Christine Selmer,   f. 12 Jan 1894, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   8. Evelyn Rosella Selmer,   f. 20 Sep 1896, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States

Emma Helene Selmer

1880 - 1966  (85 år)

Kallenavn	Emma Helene Helgeson
Fødsel	22 Sep 1880	Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States
Døpt	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States
Død	5 Jan 1966	Messer Street, Rhinelander Ward 3, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie	lngeman Emanuel Helgeson,   f. 17 Mai 1878, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Gift	20 Jun 1901	Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Barn	+ 1. Myra Serena Viola Helgeson,   f. 1 Des 1901, Rhinelander, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States + 2. Russell Alfred Theodore Helgeson,   f. 21 Aug 1903, Rhinelander, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States

John Oscar Selmer

1881 - 1884  (2 år)

Fødsel	25 Nov 1881	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Død	5 Sep 1884	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Gravlagt	Hitterdahl Cemetery, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States

Ella Josephine Selmer

1884 -

Fødsel	17 Feb 1884	Wisconsin, United States
Død	Saskatchewan, Canada
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie	Gustav M Olsen,   f. 1880, Wyoming, United States
Gift	25 Jun 1913	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States

Palma Olette Selmer

1886 -

Fødsel	3 Mar 1886	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Døpt	18 Apr 1886	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie	Julius Theodor Gregerson,   f. 1875, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Gift	7 Jun 1905	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States

James Le Roy Selmer

1888 - 1964  (76 år)

Fødsel	7 Mai 1888	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Døpt	15 Jul 1888	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Død	30 Des 1964	Wisconsin, United States
Gravlagt	Hitterdahl Cemetery, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie	Emma I Boe,   f. 9 Aug 1888
Gift	19 Nov 1914	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Barn	1. Dødfødt Selmer,   f. 1916, Wisconsin, United States   2. James Emory Selmer,   f. 1917, Wisconsin, United States

Mabel Amanda Selmer

1890 -

Fødsel	30 Sep 1890	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Døpt	14 Des 1890	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie	Ingval M Olsen,   f. 1887
Gift	22 Jun 1910	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Barn	1. Jerome Olson   2. Irene Olson

Bessie Christine Selmer

1894 - 1949  (55 år)

Kallenavn	Bessie Thoe, Bessie Nelson
Fødsel	12 Jan 1894	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Døpt	26 Mar 1894	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Død	10 Mar 1949	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Gravlagt	Hitterdahl Cemetery, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie 1	Henry Oscar Thoe,   f. 29 Des 1884
Gift	4 Des 1913	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Barn	+ 1. Lillian Aileen Thoe,   f. 29 Aug 1919, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie 2	Martin Victor Nelson,   f. 24 Feb 1895, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Gift	18 Jul 1942	Peace Lutheran Church, 240 W. 9th Ave Oshkosh, WI 54902, Kosh County, Wisconsin, United States

Evelyn Rosella Selmer

1896 -

Fødsel	20 Sep 1896	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Døpt	22 Nov 1896	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Far	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway
Mor	Marit Olsdatter Lien,   f. 17 Feb 1854, Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway
Gift	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
Familie	Riste

• Navn	Marit Olsdatter Lien
  Kallenavn	Maggie Lien, Marit Selmer, Marit Olsdatter Sønstelien, Marit Olsdatter Dybdahl
  Fødsel	17 Feb 1854	Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway   [1]
  Dåp	19 Mar 1854	Sør-Fron Kirke, Kommunevegen 1, Sør-Fron, Oppland, Norway   [1]
  		SAH, Sør-Fron prestekontor, H/Ha/Haa/L0001: Ministerialbok nr. 1, 1849-1863, s. 61 Marit Olsdatter (Sønste)Lien ble født på Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway den 17. februar 1854 og ble døpt i Sør-Fron Kirke, Kommunevegen 1, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway den 19. mars 1854. https://www.digitalarkivet.no/kb20070130650226
  Kjønn	Kvinne
  Emigrasjon	4 Apr 1864	Dybdalen, Ringebu, Oppland, Norway   [2, 3]
  	To United States - Farmer Ole Hansen Dybdahl with wife and 5 children.
  Folketelling	1865	Dybdalen, Ringebu, Oppland, Norway   [4]
  Folketelling	1880	Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States   [5]
  		USA:s federala folkräkning från 1880 för August Selmer, Wisconsin, Marathon, Texas, 094. Head: Johan August Selmer Wife: Marit Olsdatter Lien Child: Emma Helene Selmer https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/6742/images/4244756-00846?pId=46199879
  Folketelling	1900	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [6]
  		1900 års federala folkräkning i USA för August Selmer, Wisconsin, Waupaca, Iola, District 0127. Head: Johan August Selmer Wife: Marit Olsdatter Lien Child: Ella Josephine Selmer Child: Palma Oletta Selmer Child: James Le Roy Selmer Child: Mabel Amanda Selmer Child: Bessie Christina Selmer Child: Evelyn Rosella Selmer https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/7602/images/4120649_00245?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&pId=74306780
  Folketelling	1905	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [7]
  		Wisconsin, folkräkningar, 1855-1905 för John August Selmer, 1905, Waupaca, Iola. Head: Johan August Selmer Wife: Marit Olsdatter Lien Child: Ella Josephine Selmer Child: Palma Oletta Selmer Child: James Le Roy Selmer Child: Mabel Amanda Selmer Child: Bessie Christina Selmer Child: Evelyn Rosella Selmer https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/1055/images/csusawi1905_32-0296?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.82666463.834336156.1598772284-20879734.1597865782&pId=1408155
  Folketelling	1910	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [8]
  		1910 års federala folkräkning i USA för Roy J Selmer, Wisconsin, Waupaca, Iola, District 0077. Head: Johan August Selmer Wife: Marit Olsdatter Lien Child: James Le Roy Selmer Child: Mabel Amanda Selmer Child: Bessie Christina Selmer Child: Evelyn Rosella Selmer Niece: Herrald F Selmer https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/7884/images/4455061_00283?treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.208406107.834336156.1598772284-20879734.1597865782&pId=31241417
  Folketelling	1920	Harrison, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [9]
  		1920 års federala folkräkning i USA för August J Selmer, Wisconsin, Waupaca, Harrison, District 0134. Head: Johan August Selmer Wife: Marit Olsdatter Lien https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/6061/images/4392041_00809?pId=53791039
  Folketelling	1930	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [10]
  		USA:s federala folkräkning från 1930 för Maggie Selmer, Wisconsin, Waupaca, Iola, District 0017. Namn: Maggie Selmer Födelseår: 1853 Kön: Female Härstamning: White Ålder 1930: 77 Födelseort: Norway Civilstånd: Widowed Bodde år 1930: Iola Waupaca Wisconsin USA https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/6224/images/4547585_00679?treeid=40741577&personid=19532196763&hintid=&queryId=884663897f8450a1c8a9ceec6ecd2072&usePUB=true&_phsrc=Qzr107&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.116248399.834336156.1598772284-20879734.1597865782&pId=57374334
  Død	28 Nov 1938	Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [11]
  Gravferd fra	1 Des 1938	Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [11]
  		USA, evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i USA, register, 1781-1969 för Marit Selmer. Congregational Records Wisconsin, Iola, Hitterdal Lutheran Church. Marit Olsdatter Selmer, født Lien døde i Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States den 28. november 1938 og ble gravlagt fra Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States den 1. desember 1938. https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/60722/images/41742_314794-00645?pId=4839636
  Begravelse	1 Des 1938	Hitterdahl Cemetery, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [12]
  		Find A Grave Memorial - Marit Olsdatter Lien Selmer 1854 - 1938
  		Gravstein for John August og Marit Selmer John August Selmer 1850-1930 https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/95730308/john-august-selmer Marit Selmer, født Lien 1853-1938 https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/95730312/marit-selmer Photo: James Gerard Gardner
  		Gravestone for Marit Selmer Marit Selmer, born Olsdatter Lien 1853-1938 https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/95730312/marit-selmer Photo: James Gerard Gardner
  Person ID	P2853	Selmer_Norway | Første Hovedlinje i Norge, The Peder Andreas Selmer branch in United States
  Sist endret	25 Jul 2024

  
  

  Familie	Johan August Selmer,   f. 11 Aug 1850, Brensmork Gård, Eidsvoll, Eidsvoll Kommune, Akershus, Norway d. 21 Feb 1930, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States (Alder 79 år)
  Ekteskap	10 Okt 1878	Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States   [13]
  		USA, evangelisk-lutherska kyrkan i USA, register, 1781-1969 för John August Selmer og Marit Olsd Lien, Congregational Records, Wisconsin, Scandinavia, Scandinavia Lutheran Church. John August Selmer og Marit Olsdatter Lien ble ble viet i Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Wisconsin, United States den 10. oktober 1878. https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/60722/images/41742_314795-00353?pId=2354971
  Age at Marriage	She : 24 år og 8 months - He : 28 år og 2 months.
  Barn	+ 1. Emma Helene Selmer,   f. 22 Sep 1880, Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States d. 5 Jan 1966, Messer Street, Rhinelander Ward 3, Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States (Alder 85 år)   2. John Oscar Selmer,   f. 25 Nov 1881, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States d. 5 Sep 1884, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States (Alder 2 år) 3. Ella Josephine Selmer,   f. 17 Feb 1884, Wisconsin, United States d. Saskatchewan, Canada 4. Palma Olette Selmer,   f. 3 Mar 1886, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States + 5. James Le Roy Selmer,   f. 7 Mai 1888, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States d. 30 Des 1964, Wisconsin, United States (Alder 76 år) + 6. Mabel Amanda Selmer,   f. 30 Sep 1890, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States + 7. Bessie Christine Selmer 2x ,   f. 12 Jan 1894, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States d. 10 Mar 1949, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States (Alder 55 år) 8. Evelyn Rosella Selmer,   f. 20 Sep 1896, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States
  Famile ID	F810	Gruppeskjema  |  Familiediagram
  Sist endret	31 Aug 2020

  
  

• Hendelseskart		Fødsel - 17 Feb 1854 - Sønstelien, Sør-fron, Oppland, Norway Dåp - 19 Mar 1854 - Sør-Fron Kirke, Kommunevegen 1, Sør-Fron, Oppland, Norway Emigrasjon - 4 Apr 1864 - Dybdalen, Ringebu, Oppland, Norway Folketelling - 1865 - Dybdalen, Ringebu, Oppland, Norway Ekteskap - 10 Okt 1878 - Scandinavia Lutheran Church, 105 Church St, Scandinavia, WI 54977, Scandinavia, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Folketelling - 1880 - Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - Emma Helene Selmer - 22 Sep 1880 - Texas, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - John Oscar Selmer - 25 Nov 1881 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - Ella Josephine Selmer - 17 Feb 1884 - Wisconsin, United States Barn - Palma Olette Selmer - 3 Mar 1886 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - James Le Roy Selmer - 7 Mai 1888 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - Mabel Amanda Selmer - 30 Sep 1890 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - Bessie Christine Selmer - 12 Jan 1894 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Barn - Evelyn Rosella Selmer - 20 Sep 1896 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Folketelling - 1900 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Folketelling - 1905 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Folketelling - 1910 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Folketelling - 1920 - Harrison, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Folketelling - 1930 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Død - 28 Nov 1938 - Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Gravferd fra - 1 Des 1938 - Hitterdal Lutheran Church, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States Begravelse - 1 Des 1938 - Hitterdahl Cemetery, Iola, Waupaca County, Wisconsin, United States  = Link til Google Earth
  Tegnforklaring	: Adresse       : Lokasjon       : By       : Fylke/Grevskap       : Stat/Provins       : Land       : Ikke satt

  
  

• Skifter

  Wisconsin, testamenten och testamentsbevakningar, 1800-1987, Waupaca Probate Records, Files 3502-3532 John August Selmer 1849-1930 https://www.ancestry.se/imageviewer/collections/9088/images/1532043-00932?usePUB=true&_phsrc=Qzr31&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&pId=2513688

  
  

• Kilder

  [S1252] OPL-SØR-FRON MINI-01 (1849-1863), (https://media.digitalarkivet.no/), 1 Sep 2020, https://www.digitalarkivet.no/kb20070130650226 (Troverdighet: 3). [S1254] OPL-RINGEBU MINI-07 (1860-1877), (https://media.digitalarkivet.no/), 1 Sep 2020, https://www.digitalarkivet.no/kb20070201650286 (Troverdighet: 3). [S1254] OPL-RINGEBU MINI-07 (1860-1877), (https://media.digitalarkivet.no/), 1 Sep 2020, https://www.digitalarkivet.no/view/291/pu00000000145605?fbclid=IwAR38f7M7uaWn67Vh27dx9QB2DVssGRXow5h7bDtZI1881F1Zy4_GvMc3Er0 (Troverdighet: 2). [S1253] OPL-RINGEBU PRESTEGJELD 0520P FOLKETELLING (1865), (https://media.digitalarkivet.no/), 1 Sep 2020, https://www.digitalarkivet.no/census/person/pf01038062006430 (Troverdighet: 2). [S1018] USA-FOLKETELLING (1880), 1 Sep 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3826&medialinkID=5492 (Troverdighet: 2). [S39] USA-FOLKETELLING (1900), 30 Aug 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3779&medialinkID=5376 (Troverdighet: 2). [S1021] USA-FOLKETELLING (1905), 30 Aug 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3780&medialinkID=5392 (Troverdighet: 2). [S38] USA-FOLKETELLING (1910), 30 Aug 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3780&medialinkID=5392 (Troverdighet: 2). [S376] USA-FOLKETELLING (1920), 1 Sep 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3824&medialinkID=5489 (Troverdighet: 2). [S377] USA-FOLKETELLING (1930), 1 Sep 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3830&medialinkID=5501 (Troverdighet: 2). [S292] USA-AMERIKANSKE KIRKEBOKSSIDER, 24 Sep 2019, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=1368&medialinkID=1658 (Troverdighet: 3). [S391] USA-GRAVMINNER UNITED STATES, 8 Sep 2020, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/95730312/marit-selmer (Troverdighet: 2). [S292] USA-AMERIKANSKE KIRKEBOKSSIDER, 1 Sep 2020, http://selmer-norway.no/showmedia.php?mediaID=3825&medialinkID=5491 (Troverdighet: 3).